Internal and external political function of sport

External actors ' influences on other states ' internal political processes

The effect of postural restoration exercises on function and isokinetic torque of shoulder external and internal rotator muscles in non-professional athletes with shoulder internal impingement syndrome

Introduction: Internal Shoulder impingement is one of the most common problems in athletes with postural asymmetry. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of postural restoration exercises on patients' disabilities and the torque of the shoulder rotator muscles. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 23 patients with internal shoulder entrapment were randomly divided in...

Sex and Gender Segregation in Competitive Sport: Internal and External Normative Perspectives

A common credo in modern sports is that athletic competition transcends human social difference; within the arena of competitive sport, a person’s performance is the only thing that matters. But at the same time, in many sports, participants are placed into separate classes that are prevented from mixing in competition. Adult males do not compete against young boys in weightlifting contests; hi...

New Media, Professional Sport and Political Economy

New media technologies are seen to be changing the production, delivery and consumption of professional sports and creating a new dynamic between sports fans, athletes, clubs, governing bodies and the mainstream media. However, as Bellamy and McChesney (2011) have pointed out, advances in digital technologies are taking place within social, political, and economic contexts that are strongly con...

Alientation and internal-external locus of control as predictors of student political participation

Political Participation